Kinds of Translation by Newmark

In His book, A Textbook of Translation (1988:45-46), there are 8 kinds of translation :

a.      Word-for-Word Translation

In doing the translation job, the translation has to find the comparison of source language without changing the comparison of translation.

b.      Literal Translation

In this process of translation, the translator is looking for commensurate grammatical construction of the source language or close to the target language. The literal translation apart from the context. This translation process is originally done as translation word-for-word, but the translator then modifies the word in accordance with the target language grammatical.

c.       Faithful Translation

A faithful Translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It 'transfers' cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical 'abnormality' (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer ( newmark,1988: 46)

d.      Semantic Translation

Semantic translation must consider the aesthetic elements of the source language text by compromise the meaning while it remains in the limits of reasonableness. Semantic translation is more flexible than faithful translation. It is usually written based on the author style of his or her language and followed by the author’s thought.

e.       Adaptation

This is the 'freest' form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to theTL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have 'rescued’ period plays. (newmark,1988:46)

f.       Free Translation

A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the original text.a free translation is one which preserves the meaning of the original but uses natural forms of the target language, including normal word order, so that the translation can be naturally understood.

g.      Idiomatic Translation

Newmark (1988, p. 47) said that “idiomatic translation transfer the meaning of source language but sometimes change the meaning a little bit by stating daily conversation or idiom. Some linguistic stated idiomatic translation as natural translation”.

h.      Communicative Translation

According to Newmark (1988, p. 47) “communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to readership”.